摘要： 在费孝通看来，传统的“农工相辅”是农民的生计出路；在黄宗智看来，“内卷”则是从农业向手工副业、商业的扩张蔓延。两者看法的不同，主要源于他们分析判断出发点的差异，黄宗智的着眼点是“经济理性”，费孝通的出发点则是“生存理性”。“内卷”可以分为“没有商品化也没有剩余的内卷”“没有商品化但有剩余的内卷”“有商品化但没有剩余的内卷”“有商品化且有剩余的内卷”。第一种内卷，从生存理性的角度看，具有保障生存安全的社会意义，但对于促进现代经济发展来说没有多少意义；后三种“内卷”对于现代经济的发展多多少少都是有意义的，虽然这种发展并不发生在“内卷”的经济部门之中。对于“内卷”的经济部门而言，走出“内卷”的关键，是找到能够容纳该部门富余劳动力且劳动生产效率更高的就业或创业机会。机会又可以分为“机会存量”和“机会增量”。20 世纪八九十年代使中国农业走出“内卷”的乡镇工业的崛起，实际上是“机会存量”集中释放的结果。在“机会存量”释放以后，关键就在于“机会增量”，后者的开创则主要依赖于创新。机会是走出“内卷”的客观条件，人们不惧风险地从“内卷”的部门脱身积极去寻求、利用新的机会是主观精神条件，这种精神的形成与国家（政府）对于人们的生存安全的切实保障密切相关。

关键词: 内卷, 发展, 机会, 生存理性, 经济理性

Abstract: According to Fei Xiaotong, the traditional “agriculture-industry complementarity” was a livelihood autlet for peasants; while in Huang Zongzhi’s view, it was the expansion and spread of “involution” from agriculture into handicraft sidelines and commerce. The difference between these two perspectives stems from their different / starting points of analysis and judgment: Huang focuses on “economic rationality”, while Fei starts from “subsistence rationality” . “Involution” can be divided into four types: “involution without commercialization and without surplus”, “involution without commercialization but with surplus”, “involution with commercialization but without surplus”, and “involution with commercialization and with surplus”. From the perspective of subsistence rationality, the first type has the social significance of ensuring subsistence security but contributes little to modern economic development. The latter three types are, to varying degrees, meaningful for modern economic development, even though such development does not take place within the involuted economic sectors themselves. For the involuted economic sectors, the key to stepping out of involution lies in finding employment or entrepreneurial opportunities that can absorb the surplus labor from these sectors and offer higher labor productivity. Opportunities can be divided into “existing opportunities” and “incremental opportunities”. The rise of township industries that pulled Chinese agriculture out of involution in the 1980s and 1990s was, in fact, the result of the concentrated release of “existing opportunities”. After existing opportunities have been released, the key lies in “incremental opportunities”, the creation of which depends primarily on innovation. Opportunities provide the objective conditions for stepping out of involution; whether people can fearlessly extricate themselves from involuted sectors and actively seek and utilize new opportunities is a subjective condition of spirit. The formation of this spirit is closely related to the state’s (government’s) effective guarantee of people’s subsistence security.

Key words: involution, development, opportunity, subsistence rationality, economic rationality