摘要： 特朗普 2.0 时代权力扩张与制度制约之间的博弈，构成了美国政治发展史上一次空前的压力测试。特朗普及其政治联盟通过激进化解释“单一行政官”理论、系统性运用行政命令、全方位推行政治化人事安排以及非常规构建“三权合一”的政治格局，试图重塑美国的权力结构，其本质是将法律工具化，从而为政治集权服务。然而，这一进程遭遇了多重制约：联邦司法系统通过宪法审查扮演了关键性“刹车”角色；联邦官僚体系以程序拖延、内部泄密和集体诉讼等形式实施软抵抗；公民团体与大众媒体则持续施加舆论监督压力。这场法律与权力的博弈凸显了美国宪制中法律形式主义与政治实用主义、宪法文本的刚性与权力实践的流动性、制度性权力与个人化权力之间的强大张力。没有任何制度设计能自动抵御决意突破它的政治力量。法治的存续不仅依赖于精巧的制衡架构，更取决于支撑该架构的政治文化、社会活力以及公民群体在危机时刻的守护。美国民主在这场博弈中正在经受严峻考验，其结果必将深刻影响其国内政治的生态与全球秩序的未来。

关键词: 特朗普 2.0 时代, 总统制, “单一行政官”理论, 法政治学, 权力制衡

Abstract: The game between power expansion and institutional constraints in the Trump 2.0 era constitutes an unprecedented stress test in the history of America. Trump and his political allies seek to reshape the power structure of American by radicalizing the interpretation of the “single executive” theory, systematically employing executive orders, comprehensively implementing politicized personnel appointments, and atypically constructing a political structure that integrates the three branches of power. Their essence lies in turning law into an instrument to serve political centralization. However, this process has encountered multiple constraints: The federal judiciary has played a crucial braking role through constitutional review; the federal bureaucracy has engaged in soft resistance via procedural delays, internal leaks, and collective litigation; and civic groups and the mass media have continuously exerted oversight pressure through public discourse.This game between law and power underscores the intense tensions within the American system—between legal formalism and political pragmatism, the rigidity of constitutional texts and the fluidity of power practices, as well as institutional power and personalized power. No institutional design can automatically resist political forces intent on breaking through it. The endurance of the rule of law depends not only on an elaborate framework of checks and balances, but also on the political culture, social vitality, and civic guardianship that sustain this architecture in moments of crisis. 

Key words: Trump 2.0 era, presidential system, single executive theory, jurispolitics, power balances