摘要： “张雪机车”和“发动机研究止于论文”的现象对比，折射出我国创新发展过程中的产学结构性矛盾。基于创新发展的产学二元结构视角，可以创新性地将刘易斯二元经济理论拓展到创新发展研究中，系统剖析产学创新体系的结构性矛盾。我国创新发展存在典型的产学二元结构，并产生产学创新效率差距、科研成果封闭循环和创新资源错配三大问题。这些问题的成因包括产学创新分工的系统性容差、技术市场的产学二元边际分异、知识流动的制度性摩擦以及科研激励制度设计偏差。一体化推进教育、科技、人才体制机制改革，完善高等教育产学共建模式、优化科技制度设计和破除人才流动束缚，构建产学科技共同体，方可能破解创新发展的二元结构困境。

关键词: 创新二元结构, 维持生计型研发, 市场激励型研发, 产学融合, 张雪机车

Abstract: A comparative analysis of the phenomena reflected by Zhang Xue Motorcycle and engine papers reveals the structural industry-university contradictions embedded in the process of innovation-driven development. From the perspective of the dual industry-university structure of innovative development, it innovatively extends Lewis’s dual economic theory to the research of innovation practices, and systematically dissects the structural tensions within the industry-university innovation system. China’s innovation system displays a distinctive dual structure with three prominent practical characteristics: A marked efficiency gap between industrial and academic innovation, closed internal circulation of scientific and technological knowledge, and severe misallocation of innovation resources. Such predicaments stem from four factors: systematic tolerance bias in the division of innovative labor between industry and academia, dual marginal differentiation of industry and academia in technology markets, institutional frictions obstructing knowledge flows, and flawed design of scientific research incentive mechanisms. Integrated reforms covering education, science, technology and talent development, alongside revamping the industry-university collaborative models in higher education, optimizing institutional arrangements for science and technology, and removing institutional shackles on talent mobility, will facilitate the construction of an integrated industry-university science and technology community and resolve the dual structural dilemma of innovative development.

Key words: dual structure of innovation, subsistence-oriented R&D, market-incentivized R&D, industry-academia integration, Zhang Xue Motorcycle